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Ralph Borsodi (1886 - October 26, 1977) was an economic theorist and practical experimenter interested in ways of living useful to the modern person or family desiring greater self-direction and self-reliance (especially so during the Great Depression). Much of his theory related to living in rural surroundings on a modern homestead. Born in New York City, he spent the earliest years of his life in Manhattan. His father was a publisher who had connections in the advertising field, and Ralph worked in this business as a boy. By the age of 22, Borsodi was personally testing the idea of moving "back to the land." He had fully embraced the concept of "voluntary simplicity" (as it would now be called) by 1920. Dr. Borsodi is chiefly known for his practical experiments in self-sufficient living during the 1920s and 1930s, and for the books he wrote about these experiments. This Ugly Civilization and Flight from the City are his best known works. He established a School of Living in Rockland County, New York during the winter of 1934-1935. Before long about 20 families began attending regularly from New York City, spending the weekends at the school. Some commentators claim Borsodi’s books inspired “hundreds of thousands of people” to follow his example during the Great Depression. In 1948 Borsodi self published, even doing his own typesetting, "Education and Living" a two-volume work designed to suggest a curriculum for the ongoing School of Living. Mildred Loomis, his most devoted student, continued the work of the School of Living into the 1970's when it was headquartered at Heathcote Community in Freeland, MD. With Bob Swann, Borsodi created a land trust that functioned as an economic, banking, and credit institution. Called the Independence Foundation, Inc., Borsodi intended it as a new and ethical way of making low-cost, cooperatively shared credit available to people who wanted to build homesteads in the community. This institution made it possible to provide people access to land without their having to pay outright for property in the beginning. Dr. Borsodi spent decades analyzing the ills of modern society and imagining remedies for the problems. His 1968 work, published in India, and titled Seventeen Universal Problems of Man and Society, catalogued his research and can be considered the beginning of a modern taxonomy of human problems and solutions. His followers felt he usually was working at solving problems at least 20 years before most analysts realized the problem existed. For example, it is said he predicted the inflation of the 1970s some thirty years before it came. One of his interests was in local currencies, and he started an experiment with such a currency in his home area, Exeter, New Hampshire. Borsodi and Swann did establish a local, alternative currency in Exeter; however, the project came to an early end with Borsodi's failing health. He created a commodity-backed bartering currency called the Constant. These appeared first as paper notes, but in 1974, coin-like pieces, called Globes, were minted and sold in 1/2 ounce and 1 ounce .999 silver denominations. The non-profit organization that sponsored them was the International Foundation for Independence, Inc., but the Globes were minted and sold by an organization called Arbitrage International.
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