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Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 - July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. Nicknaming himself "Papa" while still in his 20s, he was part of the 1920s expatriate community in Paris known as "the Lost Generation", as described in his memoir A Moveable Feast. He led a turbulent social life (married four times and allegedly had multiple extra-marital relationships over many years [ citation needed ] ). Hemingway received the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 for The Old Man and the Sea. He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. During his later life, Hemingway suffered from increasing physical and mental problems. In July 1961, after being released from a mental hospital where he'd been treated for severe depression [ citation needed ] , he committed suicide at his home in Ketchum, Idaho with a shotgun. Hemingway's distinctive writing style is characterized by economy and understatement, in contrast to the style of his literary rival William Faulkner. It had a significant influence on the development of twentieth-century fiction writing. His protagonists are typically stoic males who exhibit an ideal described as "grace under pressure." Many of his works are now considered canonical in American literature.
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